Environment Indicators of Sierra Leone | Journal of Sierra Leone Studies https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/category/environment Editorial Intelligence — the definitive encyclopedia of Sierra Leonean development indicators Fri, 17 Apr 2026 01:14:36 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 Access to Electricity (% of population) in Sierra Leone: 35.50 (2023) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/access-to-electricity-pct-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/access-to-electricity-pct-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:59 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/access-to-electricity-pct-sierra-leone Latest value (2023) 35.50 Year-over-year change 20.75% Historical peak 35.50 Historical low 7.70 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 202335.50+20.7% 202229.40+6.9% 202127.50+4.6% 202026.30+15.9% 201922.70-13.0% 201826.10+11.5% 201723.40+15.3% 201620.30+3.0% 201519.70+4.8% 201418.80+39.3% 201313.50-21.5% 201217.20+21.1% 201114.20+23.5% 201011.50-21.2% 200914.60+20.7% 200812.10-6.9% 200713.00+6.6% 200612.20+8.0% 200511.30-32.7% 200416.80+69.7% 20039.90+7.6%…

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Latest value (2023)
35.50
Year-over-year change
20.75%
Historical peak
35.50
Historical low
7.70

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2023 35.50 +20.7%
2022 29.40 +6.9%
2021 27.50 +4.6%
2020 26.30 +15.9%
2019 22.70 -13.0%
2018 26.10 +11.5%
2017 23.40 +15.3%
2016 20.30 +3.0%
2015 19.70 +4.8%
2014 18.80 +39.3%
2013 13.50 -21.5%
2012 17.20 +21.1%
2011 14.20 +23.5%
2010 11.50 -21.2%
2009 14.60 +20.7%
2008 12.10 -6.9%
2007 13.00 +6.6%
2006 12.20 +8.0%
2005 11.30 -32.7%
2004 16.80 +69.7%
2003 9.90 +7.6%
2002 9.20 +8.2%
2001 8.50 +10.4%
2000 7.70 —

Time Series (2000–2023)

35.50 28.55 21.60 14.65 7.70

2000
2012
2023

Notable Inflection Points

  • 2004 — local peak at 16.80.
  • 2009 — local peak at 14.60.
  • 2013 — local trough at 13.50.
  • 2019 — local trough at 22.70.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (2000–2023) +6.87%
Coefficient of variation 41.7%
Long-run mean 17.56
Long-run median 15.70
Observations 24

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
2000s 11.53 7.70 16.80 10
2010s 18.74 11.50 26.10 10
2020s 29.68 26.30 35.50 4

Sierra Leone in 2023: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2023
Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.71
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.167
Forest Land (% of land area) 34.30
Land Area (sq. km) 72,180 sq. km
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.79

Health

Indicator 2023
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.60 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.29 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.789
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.79 years

Governance

Indicator 2023
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.569
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.954
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 2.62
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 23.71
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.556
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -0.999
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.827
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 61.11
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.466
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2023
GDP (current US$) 6.42B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 47.64
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.603
Real Interest Rate (%) -7.44
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 18.25
Time to Get Operating License (days) 17.93
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 6.59

Demographics

Indicator 2023
Population Density (people per sq. km) 117.21 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.46M people
Rural Population 4.67M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/access-to-electricity-pct-sierra-leone/feed 0 Land Area (sq. km) in Sierra Leone: 72,180 sq. km (2023) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/land-area-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/land-area-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/land-area-sierra-leone Latest value (2023) 72,180 sq. km Year-over-year change % Historical peak 72,180 sq. km Historical low 72,180 sq. km Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 202372,180 sq. km+0.0% 202272,180 sq. km+0.0% 202172,180 sq. km+0.0% 202072,180 sq. km+0.0% 201972,180 sq. km+0.0%…

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Latest value (2023)
72,180 sq. km
Year-over-year change
%
Historical peak
72,180 sq. km
Historical low
72,180 sq. km

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2023 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2022 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2021 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2020 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2019 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2018 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2017 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2016 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2015 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2014 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2013 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2012 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2011 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2010 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2009 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2008 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2007 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2006 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2005 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2004 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2003 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2002 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2001 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
2000 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1999 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1998 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1997 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1996 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1995 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1994 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1993 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1992 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1991 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1990 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1989 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1988 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1987 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1986 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1985 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1984 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1983 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1982 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1981 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1980 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1979 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1978 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1977 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1976 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1975 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1974 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1973 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1972 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1971 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1970 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1969 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1968 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1967 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1966 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1965 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1964 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1963 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1962 72,180 sq. km +0.0%
1961 72,180 sq. km —

Time Series (1961–2023)

72,181 sq. km 72,181 sq. km 72,181 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km

1961
1992
2023

Notable Inflection Points

  • No local peaks or troughs detected.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1961–2023) +0.00%
Coefficient of variation 0.0%
Long-run mean 72,180 sq. km
Long-run median 72,180 sq. km
Observations 63

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1960s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 9
1970s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 10
1980s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 10
1990s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 10
2000s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 10
2010s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 10
2020s 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 72,180 sq. km 4

Sierra Leone in 2023: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2023
Access to Electricity (% of population) 35.50
Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.71
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.167
Forest Land (% of land area) 34.30
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.79

Health

Indicator 2023
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.60 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.29 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.789
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.79 years

Governance

Indicator 2023
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.569
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.954
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 2.62
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 23.71
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.556
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -0.999
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.827
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 61.11
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.466
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2023
GDP (current US$) 6.42B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 47.64
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.603
Real Interest Rate (%) -7.44
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 18.25
Time to Get Operating License (days) 17.93
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 6.59

Demographics

Indicator 2023
Population Density (people per sq. km) 117.21 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.46M people
Rural Population 4.67M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/land-area-sierra-leone/feed 0 Average Precipitation (mm/year) in Sierra Leone: 2,526 mm/year (2022) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/avg-precipitation-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/avg-precipitation-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/avg-precipitation-sierra-leone Latest value (2022) 2,526 mm/year Year-over-year change % Historical peak 2,526 mm/year Historical low 2,526 mm/year Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 20222,526 mm/year+0.0% 20212,526 mm/year+0.0% 20202,526 mm/year+0.0% 20192,526 mm/year+0.0% 20182,526 mm/year+0.0% 20172,526 mm/year+0.0% 20162,526 mm/year+0.0% 20152,526 mm/year+0.0% 20142,526 mm/year+0.0%…

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]]>
Latest value (2022)
2,526 mm/year
Year-over-year change
%
Historical peak
2,526 mm/year
Historical low
2,526 mm/year

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2022 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2021 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2020 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2019 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2018 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2017 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2016 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2015 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2014 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2013 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2012 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2011 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2010 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2009 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2008 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2007 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2006 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2005 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2004 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2003 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2002 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2001 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
2000 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1999 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1998 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1997 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1996 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1995 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1994 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1993 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1992 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1991 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1990 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1989 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1988 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1987 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1986 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1985 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1984 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1983 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1982 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1981 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1980 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1979 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1978 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1977 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1976 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1975 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1974 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1973 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1972 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1971 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1970 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1969 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1968 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1967 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1966 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1965 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1964 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1963 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1962 2,526 mm/year +0.0%
1961 2,526 mm/year —

Time Series (1961–2022)

2,527 mm/year 2,527 mm/year 2,527 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year

1961
1992
2022

Notable Inflection Points

  • No local peaks or troughs detected.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1961–2022) +0.00%
Coefficient of variation 0.0%
Long-run mean 2,526 mm/year
Long-run median 2,526 mm/year
Observations 62

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1960s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 9
1970s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 10
1980s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 10
1990s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 10
2000s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 10
2010s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 10
2020s 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 2,526 mm/year 3

Sierra Leone in 2022: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2022
Access to Electricity (% of population) 29.40
Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.71
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.177
Forest Land (% of land area) 34.57
Land Area (sq. km) 72,180 sq. km
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.34
Renewable Energy Consumption (% of total) 71.60

Health

Indicator 2022
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 31.07 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.52 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.870
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.28 years

Governance

Indicator 2022
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.553
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.155
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.958
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 4.91
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 21.51
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.265
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.236
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -1.01
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.781
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.138
Statistical Performance Indicators 60.33
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.307
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.141

Economic

Indicator 2022
GDP (current US$) 7.12B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 27.21
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.582
Real Interest Rate (%) -6.02
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 15.46
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 4.38

Demographics

Indicator 2022
Population Density (people per sq. km) 114.67 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.28M people
Rural Population 4.61M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/avg-precipitation-sierra-leone/feed 0 Forest Land (% of land area) in Sierra Leone: 34.30 (2023) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/forest-land-pct-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/forest-land-pct-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/forest-land-pct-sierra-leone Latest value (2023) 34.30 Year-over-year change -0.791% Historical peak 43.32 Historical low 34.30 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 202334.30-0.8% 202234.57-0.8% 202134.85-0.8% 202035.12-0.8% 201935.39-0.8% 201835.67-0.8% 201735.94-0.8% 201636.21-0.7% 201536.49-0.7% 201436.76-0.7% 201337.03-0.7% 201237.31-0.7% 201137.58-0.7% 201037.85-0.7% 200938.13-0.7% 200838.40-0.7% 200738.67-0.7% 200638.95-0.7% 200539.22-0.7% 200439.49-0.7% 200339.77-0.7%…

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Latest value (2023)
34.30
Year-over-year change
-0.791%
Historical peak
43.32
Historical low
34.30

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2023 34.30 -0.8%
2022 34.57 -0.8%
2021 34.85 -0.8%
2020 35.12 -0.8%
2019 35.39 -0.8%
2018 35.67 -0.8%
2017 35.94 -0.8%
2016 36.21 -0.7%
2015 36.49 -0.7%
2014 36.76 -0.7%
2013 37.03 -0.7%
2012 37.31 -0.7%
2011 37.58 -0.7%
2010 37.85 -0.7%
2009 38.13 -0.7%
2008 38.40 -0.7%
2007 38.67 -0.7%
2006 38.95 -0.7%
2005 39.22 -0.7%
2004 39.49 -0.7%
2003 39.77 -0.7%
2002 40.04 -0.7%
2001 40.31 -0.7%
2000 40.59 -0.7%
1999 40.86 -0.7%
1998 41.13 -0.7%
1997 41.40 -0.7%
1996 41.68 -0.7%
1995 41.95 -0.6%
1994 42.22 -0.6%
1993 42.50 -0.6%
1992 42.77 -0.6%
1991 43.04 -0.6%
1990 43.32 —

Time Series (1990–2023)

43.32 41.06 38.81 36.55 34.30

1990
2007
2023

Notable Inflection Points

  • No local peaks or troughs detected.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1990–2023) -0.70%
Coefficient of variation 6.9%
Long-run mean 38.81
Long-run median 38.81
Observations 34

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1990s 42.09 40.86 43.32 10
2000s 39.36 38.13 40.59 10
2010s 36.62 35.39 37.85 10
2020s 34.71 34.30 35.12 4

Sierra Leone in 2023: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2023
Access to Electricity (% of population) 35.50
Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.71
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.167
Land Area (sq. km) 72,180 sq. km
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.79

Health

Indicator 2023
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.60 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.29 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.789
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.79 years

Governance

Indicator 2023
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.569
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.954
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 2.62
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 23.71
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.556
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -0.999
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.827
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 61.11
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.466
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2023
GDP (current US$) 6.42B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 47.64
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.603
Real Interest Rate (%) -7.44
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 18.25
Time to Get Operating License (days) 17.93
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 6.59

Demographics

Indicator 2023
Population Density (people per sq. km) 117.21 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.46M people
Rural Population 4.67M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/forest-land-pct-sierra-leone/feed 0 Renewable Energy Consumption (% of total) in Sierra Leone: 71.60 (2022) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/renewvable-energy-consumption-pct-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/renewvable-energy-consumption-pct-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/renewvable-energy-consumption-pct-sierra-leone Latest value (2022) 71.60 Year-over-year change 0.703% Historical peak 95.00 Historical low 71.10 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 202271.60+0.7% 202171.10-5.3% 202075.10-0.4% 201975.40-0.7% 201875.90+1.7% 201774.60+1.4% 201673.60-0.5% 201574.00+1.4% 201473.00-2.1% 201374.60-5.7% 201279.10-2.3% 201181.00-4.6% 201084.90-1.4% 200986.10+0.1% 200886.00-0.3% 200786.30+2.3% 200684.40-4.2% 200588.10+1.8% 200486.50+0.0% 200386.50-1.7% 200288.00-3.5%…

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Latest value (2022)
71.60
Year-over-year change
0.703%
Historical peak
95.00
Historical low
71.10

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2022 71.60 +0.7%
2021 71.10 -5.3%
2020 75.10 -0.4%
2019 75.40 -0.7%
2018 75.90 +1.7%
2017 74.60 +1.4%
2016 73.60 -0.5%
2015 74.00 +1.4%
2014 73.00 -2.1%
2013 74.60 -5.7%
2012 79.10 -2.3%
2011 81.00 -4.6%
2010 84.90 -1.4%
2009 86.10 +0.1%
2008 86.00 -0.3%
2007 86.30 +2.3%
2006 84.40 -4.2%
2005 88.10 +1.8%
2004 86.50 +0.0%
2003 86.50 -1.7%
2002 88.00 -3.5%
2001 91.20 -2.3%
2000 93.30 -1.8%
1999 95.00 +0.4%
1998 94.60 +0.1%
1997 94.50 +0.2%
1996 94.30 +0.5%
1995 93.80 +1.2%
1994 92.70 -0.3%
1993 93.00 +0.5%
1992 92.50 +0.8%
1991 91.80 -0.5%
1990 92.30 —

Time Series (1990–2022)

95.00 89.03 83.05 77.08 71.10

1990
2006
2022

Notable Inflection Points

  • 1999 — local peak at 95.00.
  • 2005 — local peak at 88.10.
  • 2006 — local trough at 84.40.
  • 2018 — local peak at 75.90.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1990–2022) -0.79%
Coefficient of variation 9.6%
Long-run mean 84.69
Long-run median 86.30
Observations 33

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1990s 93.45 91.80 95.00 10
2000s 87.64 84.40 93.30 10
2010s 76.61 73.00 84.90 10
2020s 72.60 71.10 75.10 3

Sierra Leone in 2022: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2022
Access to Electricity (% of population) 29.40
Agricultural Land (% of land area) 54.71
Average Precipitation (mm/year) 2,526 mm/year
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.177
Forest Land (% of land area) 34.57
Land Area (sq. km) 72,180 sq. km
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.34

Health

Indicator 2022
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 31.07 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.52 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.870
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.28 years

Governance

Indicator 2022
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.553
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.155
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.958
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 4.91
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 21.51
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.265
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.236
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -1.01
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.781
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.138
Statistical Performance Indicators 60.33
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.307
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.141

Economic

Indicator 2022
GDP (current US$) 7.12B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 27.21
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.582
Real Interest Rate (%) -6.02
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 15.46
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 4.38

Demographics

Indicator 2022
Population Density (people per sq. km) 114.67 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.28M people
Rural Population 4.61M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/renewvable-energy-consumption-pct-sierra-leone/feed 0 CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) in Sierra Leone: 0.169 (2024) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/co2-emisions-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/co2-emisions-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/co2-emisions-sierra-leone Latest value (2024) 0.169 Year-over-year change 1.47% Historical peak 0.235 Historical low 0.098 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 20240.169+1.5% 20230.167-5.9% 20220.177-2.6% 20210.182+16.9% 20200.156-0.4% 20190.156-2.6% 20180.160+13.2% 20170.142-3.7% 20160.147+1.1% 20150.145-17.2% 20140.176+5.0% 20130.167+12.4% 20120.149+9.4% 20110.136+19.1% 20100.114+5.9% 20090.108-1.8% 20080.110-5.4% 20070.116-8.3% 20060.127+22.7% 20050.103-9.8% 20040.114-4.0%…

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Latest value (2024)
0.169
Year-over-year change
1.47%
Historical peak
0.235
Historical low
0.098

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2024 0.169 +1.5%
2023 0.167 -5.9%
2022 0.177 -2.6%
2021 0.182 +16.9%
2020 0.156 -0.4%
2019 0.156 -2.6%
2018 0.160 +13.2%
2017 0.142 -3.7%
2016 0.147 +1.1%
2015 0.145 -17.2%
2014 0.176 +5.0%
2013 0.167 +12.4%
2012 0.149 +9.4%
2011 0.136 +19.1%
2010 0.114 +5.9%
2009 0.108 -1.8%
2008 0.110 -5.4%
2007 0.116 -8.3%
2006 0.127 +22.7%
2005 0.103 -9.8%
2004 0.114 -4.0%
2003 0.119 +2.2%
2002 0.117 -0.4%
2001 0.117 +20.0%
2000 0.098 -38.1%
1999 0.158 +3.5%
1998 0.152 +4.6%
1997 0.146 -4.4%
1996 0.152 +12.2%
1995 0.136 +8.3%
1994 0.125 +2.9%
1993 0.122 -2.3%
1992 0.125 -37.1%
1991 0.198 +31.3%
1990 0.151 -24.3%
1989 0.199 -14.1%
1988 0.232 -1.2%
1987 0.235 +46.7%
1986 0.160 +8.1%
1985 0.148 +7.7%
1984 0.137 -8.2%
1983 0.150 +2.2%
1982 0.146 -1.9%
1981 0.149 -6.1%
1980 0.159 -3.8%
1979 0.165 +13.0%
1978 0.146 -0.4%
1977 0.147 +1.6%
1976 0.144 +1.8%
1975 0.142 +1.9%
1974 0.139 +5.8%
1973 0.132 +1.5%
1972 0.130 -2.3%
1971 0.133 -1.8%
1970 0.135 —

Time Series (1970–2024)

0.235 0.201 0.166 0.132 0.098

1970
1997
2024

Notable Inflection Points

  • 1979 — local peak at 0.165.
  • 1987 — local peak at 0.235.
  • 2014 — local peak at 0.176.
  • 2021 — local peak at 0.182.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1970–2024) +0.42%
Coefficient of variation 18.9%
Long-run mean 0.147
Long-run median 0.146
Observations 55

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1970s 0.141 0.130 0.165 10
1980s 0.172 0.137 0.235 10
1990s 0.146 0.122 0.198 10
2000s 0.113 0.098 0.127 10
2010s 0.149 0.114 0.176 10
2020s 0.170 0.156 0.182 5

Sierra Leone in 2024: Development Context

Health

Indicator 2024
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.11 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.21 per 1,000
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.96 years

Governance

Indicator 2024
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.702
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.967
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 25.10
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.450
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -1.06
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.839
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 59.94
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.513
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2024
GDP (current US$) 6.97B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 28.63
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.463
Real Interest Rate (%) 9.17
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 11.82
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 8.08

Environment

Indicator 2024
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.93

Demographics

Indicator 2024
Population, Total 8.64M people
Rural Population 4.72M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/co2-emisions-sierra-leone/feed 0 Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sierra Leone: 7.93 (2024) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/other-greenhouse-emisions-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/other-greenhouse-emisions-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/other-greenhouse-emisions-sierra-leone Latest value (2024) 7.93 Year-over-year change 1.72% Historical peak 7.93 Historical low 2.11 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 20247.93+1.7% 20237.79+6.3% 20227.34-6.4% 20217.83+14.0% 20206.87+2.6% 20196.70+2.3% 20186.55+3.3% 20176.34+0.4% 20166.32+1.2% 20156.24-7.0% 20146.71+3.2% 20136.50+4.9% 20126.20+5.7% 20115.86+7.4% 20105.46+5.4% 20095.18+7.7% 20084.81+4.1% 20074.62-9.4% 20065.10+14.3% 20054.46+11.7% 20043.99+4.9%…

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Latest value (2024)
7.93
Year-over-year change
1.72%
Historical peak
7.93
Historical low
2.11

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2024 7.93 +1.7%
2023 7.79 +6.3%
2022 7.34 -6.4%
2021 7.83 +14.0%
2020 6.87 +2.6%
2019 6.70 +2.3%
2018 6.55 +3.3%
2017 6.34 +0.4%
2016 6.32 +1.2%
2015 6.24 -7.0%
2014 6.71 +3.2%
2013 6.50 +4.9%
2012 6.20 +5.7%
2011 5.86 +7.4%
2010 5.46 +5.4%
2009 5.18 +7.7%
2008 4.81 +4.1%
2007 4.62 -9.4%
2006 5.10 +14.3%
2005 4.46 +11.7%
2004 3.99 +4.9%
2003 3.81 +5.1%
2002 3.62 +4.8%
2001 3.45 +1.8%
2000 3.39 -8.3%
1999 3.70 +2.3%
1998 3.61 +1.1%
1997 3.57 +1.8%
1996 3.51 +1.8%
1995 3.45 +2.6%
1994 3.36 +0.3%
1993 3.35 +0.2%
1992 3.34 -9.1%
1991 3.68 +5.9%
1990 3.47 +17.1%
1989 2.97 -2.1%
1988 3.03 +1.4%
1987 2.99 +11.2%
1986 2.69 +5.5%
1985 2.55 +1.6%
1984 2.51 -2.1%
1983 2.56 -1.5%
1982 2.60 +3.3%
1981 2.52 -0.8%
1980 2.54 +0.9%
1979 2.52 -0.3%
1978 2.52 +2.5%
1977 2.46 +2.2%
1976 2.41 +3.0%
1975 2.34 +3.8%
1974 2.26 +3.0%
1973 2.19 +1.0%
1972 2.17 +1.4%
1971 2.14 +1.2%
1970 2.11 —

Time Series (1970–2024)

7.93 6.47 5.02 3.57 2.11

1970
1997
2024

Notable Inflection Points

  • 2006 — local peak at 5.10.
  • 2014 — local peak at 6.71.
  • 2015 — local trough at 6.24.
  • 2021 — local peak at 7.83.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1970–2024) +2.48%
Coefficient of variation 42.4%
Long-run mean 4.15
Long-run median 3.51
Observations 55

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1970s 2.31 2.11 2.52 10
1980s 2.69 2.51 3.03 10
1990s 3.50 3.34 3.70 10
2000s 4.24 3.39 5.18 10
2010s 6.29 5.46 6.71 10
2020s 7.55 6.87 7.93 5

Sierra Leone in 2024: Development Context

Health

Indicator 2024
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.11 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.21 per 1,000
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.96 years

Environment

Indicator 2024
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.169

Governance

Indicator 2024
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.702
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.967
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 25.10
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.450
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -1.06
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.839
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 59.94
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.513
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2024
GDP (current US$) 6.97B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 28.63
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.463
Real Interest Rate (%) 9.17
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 11.82
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 8.08

Demographics

Indicator 2024
Population, Total 8.64M people
Rural Population 4.72M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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]]> https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/other-greenhouse-emisions-sierra-leone/feed 0 Agricultural Land (% of land area) in Sierra Leone: 54.71 (2023) https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/agricultural-land-pct-sierra-leone https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/agricultural-land-pct-sierra-leone#respond Tue, 14 Apr 2026 11:37:58 +0000 https://thejournalofsierraleonestudies.com/environment/agricultural-land-pct-sierra-leone Latest value (2023) 54.71 Year-over-year change % Historical peak 55.83 Historical low 36.19 Year-by-Year Detail YearValueYoY Change 202354.71+0.0% 202254.71+0.0% 202154.71+0.0% 202054.71+0.0% 201954.71+0.0% 201854.71+0.0% 201754.71+0.0% 201654.71+0.0% 201554.71+0.0% 201454.71+0.0% 201354.71+2.9% 201253.15-4.5% 201155.66+2.2% 201054.45+3.4% 200952.66+2.4% 200851.43+2.4% 200750.20-10.1% 200655.83+5.7% 200552.81+1.0% 200452.27+5.8% 200349.41+10.4%…

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]]>
Latest value (2023)
54.71
Year-over-year change
%
Historical peak
55.83
Historical low
36.19

Year-by-Year Detail

Year Value YoY Change
2023 54.71 +0.0%
2022 54.71 +0.0%
2021 54.71 +0.0%
2020 54.71 +0.0%
2019 54.71 +0.0%
2018 54.71 +0.0%
2017 54.71 +0.0%
2016 54.71 +0.0%
2015 54.71 +0.0%
2014 54.71 +0.0%
2013 54.71 +2.9%
2012 53.15 -4.5%
2011 55.66 +2.2%
2010 54.45 +3.4%
2009 52.66 +2.4%
2008 51.43 +2.4%
2007 50.20 -10.1%
2006 55.83 +5.7%
2005 52.81 +1.0%
2004 52.27 +5.8%
2003 49.41 +10.4%
2002 44.75 +7.6%
2001 41.58 +6.8%
2000 38.93 +0.2%
1999 38.85 -0.2%
1998 38.92 +0.0%
1997 38.92 0.0%
1996 38.93 +0.0%
1995 38.93 +0.0%
1994 38.93 0.0%
1993 38.94 -0.1%
1992 39.00 -0.4%
1991 39.14 +0.0%
1990 39.14 +0.0%
1989 39.14 +0.0%
1988 39.14 +0.0%
1987 39.12 +0.2%
1986 39.06 +0.2%
1985 38.99 +1.8%
1984 38.29 +0.5%
1983 38.09 +0.2%
1982 38.02 +0.5%
1981 37.81 +0.2%
1980 37.74 +0.2%
1979 37.67 +0.4%
1978 37.53 +0.4%
1977 37.39 +0.2%
1976 37.32 +0.2%
1975 37.25 +0.2%
1974 37.18 +0.2%
1973 37.12 +0.2%
1972 37.05 +0.2%
1971 36.98 +0.2%
1970 36.91 +0.2%
1969 36.84 +0.2%
1968 36.77 +0.4%
1967 36.63 +0.2%
1966 36.56 +0.2%
1965 36.49 +0.2%
1964 36.42 +0.2%
1963 36.35 +0.3%
1962 36.26 +0.2%
1961 36.19 —

Time Series (1961–2023)

55.83 50.92 46.01 41.10 36.19

1961
1992
2023

Notable Inflection Points

  • 2006 — local peak at 55.83.
  • 2007 — local trough at 50.20.
  • 2011 — local peak at 55.66.
  • 2012 — local trough at 53.15.

Trend Analysis

Metric Value
Compound annual growth rate (1961–2023) +0.67%
Coefficient of variation 17.4%
Long-run mean 43.35
Long-run median 38.94
Observations 63

Decade Averages

Decade Mean Low High Obs.
1960s 36.50 36.19 36.84 9
1970s 37.24 36.91 37.67 10
1980s 38.54 37.74 39.14 10
1990s 38.97 38.85 39.14 10
2000s 48.99 38.93 55.83 10
2010s 54.62 53.15 55.66 10
2020s 54.71 54.71 54.71 4

Sierra Leone in 2023: Development Context

Environment

Indicator 2023
Access to Electricity (% of population) 35.50
CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.167
Forest Land (% of land area) 34.30
Land Area (sq. km) 72,180 sq. km
Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7.79

Health

Indicator 2023
Birth Rate (per 1,000 people) 30.60 per 1,000
Death Rate (per 1,000 people) 8.29 per 1,000
Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.789
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 61.79 years

Governance

Indicator 2023
Control of Corruption (Estimate) -0.569
Control of Corruption (Std. Error) 0.154
Government Effectiveness (Estimate) -0.954
Government Effectiveness (Std. Error) 0.184
Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) 2.62
Individuals Using the Internet (% of population) 23.71
Political Stability (Estimate) -0.556
Political Stability (Std. Error) 0.238
Regulatory Quality (Estimate) -0.999
Regulatory Quality (Std. Error) 0.155
Rule of Law (Estimate) -0.827
Rule of Law (Std. Error) 0.137
Statistical Performance Indicators 61.11
Voice and Accountability (Estimate) -0.466
Voice and Accountability (Std. Error) 0.142

Economic

Indicator 2023
GDP (current US$) 6.42B
Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 47.64
Military Expenditure (% of GDP) 0.603
Real Interest Rate (%) -7.44
Risk Premium on Lending (%) 18.25
Time to Get Operating License (days) 17.93
Trade in Services (% of GDP) 6.59

Demographics

Indicator 2023
Population Density (people per sq. km) 117.21 per sq. km
Population, Total 8.46M people
Rural Population 4.67M people

Source: World Bank — World Development Indicators. Data licensed CC BY 4.0.

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